CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING

              

Political Science XII

CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING

Chapter 01

INTRODUCTION

At Midnight on 14-15 August 1947, India attained independence. Jawaharlal Nehru addressed a special session of the Constituent Assembly that night with the famous speech ‘tryst with destiny’.

But there were two goals almost everyone agreed upon: 

1.That after independence, we shall run our country through democratic government;

2. That the government will be run for the good of all, particularly the poor and the socially disadvantaged groups.

Independence came with the partition of the country. Despite of all the troubles that continued after partition, the leaders did not lose sight of the multiple challenges that faced the new nation.

THREE CHALLENGES 

Broadly, Independent India faced three kinds of challenges;

1. The Immediate/First challenge was to shape a nation that was united, yet accommodates the diversity in our society. At that time it was widely believed that a country full of such kinds of diversity could not remain together for long.

2. The Second challenge was to Establish Democracy. The Constitution granted fundamental rights and extended the right to vote to every citizen. India adopted representative democracy based on the parliamentary form of government. These features ensure that the political competition would take place in a democratic framework.  

3. The Third Challenge was to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society and not only of some sections. The Constitution clearly laid down the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religious and cultural communities. The Constitution also set out in the Directive Principles of State Policy the welfare goals that democratic politics must achieve.

PARTITION: DISPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATION

On 14-15 August 1947, two nation-states came into existence – India and Pakistan, as a result of ‘partition’. According to the ‘two-nation theory’ given by the Muslim League, India consisted of two ‘people’, Hindus and Muslims. That is why it demanded Pakistan, a separate country for the Muslims.

PROCESS OF PARTITION

Principle followed for partition was of religious majorities. This basically means that areas where the Muslims were in majority would become Pakistan. The rest was to stay in India.

The Difficulties that followed the Process of Partition:

1. Since there were Two areas of Muslim concentration, in the West and East, it was decided that Pakistan will comprise of West and East Pakistan separated by an expanse of Indian Territory.

2.  Secondly, not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan. The North Western Frontier Province was made to merge with Pakistan even though its leader, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, was against the Two-nation theory.

3. The Third problem was that Punjab and Bengal, had very large areas where the non-Muslims were in majority. Eventually it was decided that these two provinces would be divided according to the religious majority at the district or even lower level.

4. The Fourth problem was the problem of 'Minorities' on either sides or the border.  Lakhs of Hindus and Sikhs were now in Pakistan and an equally large number of Muslims were in Indian side of Punjab and Bengal. The minorities on both sides became easy targets of attack.

CONSEQUENCES OF PARTITION

v The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that human history has known.

v In the name of religion there were killings on both sides of the border. 

v People were forced to leave their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border secured temporary shelter in 'refuge camps'.

v Minorities travelled to the other side of the new border by all sorts of mean, often by foot. Even during this journey, they were often Attacked, Killed or Raped. 

v Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. They were forced to convert to their religion and were forced into marriage. Many children were separated from their parents.

v For lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in ‘refugee camps’, for months and sometimes for years.

v Writers, poets and film-makers in India and Pakistan have expressed the ruthlessness of the killings and the suffering of displacement and violence in their novels, short-stories, poems and films. 

v There was also a division of financial assets, and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-clips, books and also musical instruments of the police band! The employees of the government and the railways were also ‘divided’.

v Above all, it was a violent separation of communities who had lived together for generations and as neighbours. About 80 lakh people were displaced and between 10-15 lakh people were killed due to partition related violence.

INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES

THE PROBLEM-   Before Independence it was announced by the British Crown that by the end of their rule over India, their rule over the Princely states would also be over and that the Princely states will become legally Independent.

• British Government took the view that all the Princely states were free to join either India or Pakistan or can remain independent. This decision as supposed to be taken by the rulers.

GOVERNMENT'S APPROACH

• Sardar Valla Bhai Patel was India's Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister during this crucial period. He played a crucial role in negotiating with the rulers of the princely states in a diplomatic manner and bringing most of them in the Indian Union.

The government's approach was guided by three considerations:-

1.   First, most of the princely states wanted to be a part of Indian union.

2.   Second, government was prepared to give autonomy to some regions.

3.   Third, the Integration and consolidation of the territorial boundaries had gained supreme importance

• Most of the Rulers of the state had signed the 'Instrument of Accession' which meant that the state agreed to become a part of the union of India.

HYDERABAD

• Hyderabad was the Largest Princely state. 'Nizam', the ruler, was World's Richest man. He wanted an independent status for Hyderabad.
• The peasantry in Telungana region in particular, as a victim of Nizam's oppressive rule and rose against him. Nizam responded by unleashing a Para Military force knows as Razakars on the people.
• In September 1948, Indian Army moved in to control the Nizam's forces. After a few days, Nizam surrendered. This led to Hyderabad's accession to India.

MANIPUR

•  Few days before Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained.
• Under the Pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja held elections in Manipur in June 1948 and the state became a Constitutional Monarchy. Thus Manipur was the first part of India to hold an election based on universal adult franchise.
• The Government of India succeeded in pressurising the Maharaja into signing a Merger Agreement in September 1949, without consulting the popularly elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur. This caused a lot of anger and resentment in Manipur, the repercussions of which are still being felt.

REORGANISATION OF STATES

• The Internal boundaries of the Indian states has to be drawn in a way so that the Linguistic and Cultural plurality of the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the nation.
• Our leaders felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration and would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the country faced. The central leadership decided to postpone matters.
• This Decision of the National Leadership was challenged by the local leaders and the people. The Vishalandhra Movement demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be separated from the Madras province of which they were a part and be made into a separate Andhra province.  Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days. This caused great unrest and resulted in violent outbursts in Andhra region.  Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra State in December 1952.
• The Formation of Andhra Pradesh spurred the struggle for making of other states on linguistic lines in other parts of the country. These struggles forced the Central Government into appointing a States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of the states.
• The Commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries of different languages. On the basis of its report the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories

  

‘PATEL AND NATIONAL INTEGRATION’

• ·         The first deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Emerged as a major leader of the freedom movement after the Kheda Satyagraha (1918) and the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928).
• ·         At the time of independence, the problem of integration of princely states was a big  challenge for the national unity and integrity of India. Under such difficult times, Sardar Patel undertook the daunting tasks of uniting all 565 princely states of India. Known as an ‘Iron Man’ of India, Patel's approach to the question of the merger of princely states into independent India was very clear. He was not in favour of any compromise with the territorial integrity of India. By his political experience, diplomatic prowess and foresightedness, out of  India's 565 princely states many had already given their consent to merge with India even before achieving the independence.
• ·         Sardar Patel faced key challenges of integration from three states, viz., Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir. It was under his leadership that Indian forces compelled Hyderabad and Junagarh to merge with India. Keeping well-versed with Pakistan’s intentions from Jinnah’s divisive ‘Two Nation Theory’, Sardar Patel's opinion on Kashmir was different from other leaders. Like Hyderabad, he also wanted Kashmir’s integration with India through military operations.But due to political decisions of some prominent leaders, Sardar could not succeed in integrating Kashmir fully with India which later turned into a major historical blunder for the country. However, Sardar will always remain as an astounding leader who combined in himself the features of a true ‘Nationalist’, ‘Catalyst’ and ‘Realist’ – popularly characterised as NCR in Indian political history.

                NCERT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Q.01 Which among the following Statements about the partition is Incorrect?

(a) Partition of India was the outcome of the “two-nation theory”.
(b) Punjab and Bengal were the two provinces divided on the basis of religion.
(c) East Pakistan and West Pakistan were not contiguous.
(d) The scheme of Partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border.

Ans (d) The scheme of partition included a plan for transfer of population across the border

Q 02 Match the principles with instances:

Ans. (a)-(ii),  (b)-(iv),  (c)-(i),   (d)-(iii)

Q 03.Take a current political map of India (showing outlines of states) and mark the location of the following Princely States

 (a) Junagadh-  GUJARATH     (b) Manipur-MANIPUR     (c) Mysore-KARNATAKA 

 (d) Gwalior- M P

Q 04 Here are two opinions:

Dismay: 'The merger with the Indian State was an extension of democracy to the people of the Princely States?

 Inderpreet: "I am not so sure, there was force being used. Democracy comes by creating consensus."

What is your opinion in the light of accession of Princely States and the responses of the people in these parts?

Ans. Accession of Princely States and merger with Indian union was to expand democracy all over the country because princely states never enjoyed their political rights. Indian government central government used force to extend democracy to some extent as this was mandatory to have a uniform base in the country.

Q 05 What are the Reasons being used by Nehru for keeping India Secular? Do you think these reasons were only Ethical and Sentimental? Or were there some Prudential Reasons as well?

 Answer: Reasons for keeping India secular:

1.   All the Muslims did not leave India during participation, some Muslims stayed in India as a minority and Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to deal with them in a very civilised and dignified manner.

2.   He advocated security and democratic rights of Muslims as a citizen of India. No, these reasons were not only ethical and sentimental, but there were some prudential reasons also as:

3.   India s secular nature consensus its tong term goals and principles like socialism, equality, liberty and fraternity.

4.   Secularism stops any single faith to become superior and inferior to those who practiced another religion. Hence it considers all citizens equal irrespective of religious affiliation.

Q 06 Bring out two major differences between the Challenge of Nation building for Eastern and Western regions of the country at the time of Independence.

 Ans. The two major differences between eastern (Bengal) and Western (Punjab) regions can be summed up as follows:

1.   These regions were the Muslim Majority provinces to be joined. Hence, it was decided that new country Pakistan will comprise two territories i.e. West and East Pakistan.

2.   Secondly, there was a problem of Minorities on both sides of border (East and West). Lakhs of Hindus and Sikhs in areas of Pakistan and Muslims on the Indian side of Punjab and Bengal found themselves trapped with no option except to leave their homes.

Q 07 What was the task of the States Reorganisation Commission? What was its most salient recommendation?

Ans. The State Reorganisation Commission was set up in 1953 by central government to look into the matter of redrawing of boundaries of state:

1.   The commission evolved that states' boundaries should reflect the boundaries of different languages to accommodate linguistic diversity.

2.   The State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which resulted the creation of 14 States and 6 Union Territories.

3.   Its most salient recommendation was the formation of linguistic states i.e. to reorganise states on the basis of accommodation of their languages to prepare a uniform base for the nation.

Q 08 It is said that the Nation is to large extent an 'Imagined community held together by common beliefs, history, political aspirations and imaginations. Identify the features that make India a nation.

 Ans: India proved herself through all stages of three challenges at the time of nation building like:

1.   India is a Secular country where people speak different languages and follow different cultures and religions to be recognised as a nation of unity in diversity with common faith and beliefs.

2.   Political Aspiration ensures democratic setup based on parliamentary form of government creating political competition in a democratic framework.

3.   India's Imaginations established a welfare state on the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religions as well as cultural communities.

Q 09 Read the following passage and answer the questions below:

(REFER TEXT BOOK FOR FULL QUESTION)

 Ans (A) Commonalities between India and Soviet Union: (i) Both the nations shaped the nation on linguistic basis. (ii) To promote welfare motives, the economic and technological developments took place in India also. (iii) States were divided on the grounds of geographical boundary and strength of populations also in both the nations.

(B) Dissimilarities: (i) Soviet Union was divided into 15 independent republics/countries to be disintegrated. (ii) India maintained its unity and integrity even among diversified nature of states and peoples without any more division.

           The Indian experiment worked better to promote linguistic and cultural plurality without affecting unity and integrity of the nation though India adopted some diplomatic measures to make country united.

  VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 MARK)

10. Name the leader who played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of princely states to join the Indian Union.
Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

11. What is meant by Two Nation Theory?
Answer: Two Nation Theory was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create separate state for Muslims.

12. Mention the main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission of 1953.
Answer: The main recommendation of the State Reorganisation Commission was to organise states on language basis and the boundaries of states could also reflect the linguistic aspects.

13. Which two languages were spoken in Bombay state before it was divided in 1960?
Answer: Gujarati and Marathi

14. Name any four princely states that resisted their merger with the Indian Union?
Answer: Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur.

15. How many princely states consisted at the time of independence of India?
Answer: 565 princely states.

16. What was meant by princely states?
Answer: Princely states were ruled by princes who employed some form of control over their internal affairs under the supremacy of the British.

17. What was the basis of the report of States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer: States Reorganisation Commission Report was based on the distribution of boundaries of states on language basis to reflect linguistic aspects.

18. Why were the states reorganised on linguistic basis in India in 1956?
Answer: States were reorganised on linguistic basis in India in 1956 to maintain unity and integrity of the nation to avoid violence and conflicts among the people.

19. Whose speech was known as ‘tryst with destiny’?
Answer. ‘Tryst with destiny’ speech was delivered by the first Prime Minister of independent India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru while addressing special session of constituent Assembly as the midnight of 14-15 August 1947.

20. Name the states which decided to remain independent in place of joining India.
Answer:  Travancore, Junagadh, Hyderabad and Bhopal decided to remain independent.

21. In which Congress Session proposal for linguistic principles of reorganisation was accepted?
Answer: Nagpur Congress Session of 1920.

22. Name the movement which demanded the separate province for Andhra region.
Answer: The Vishalandhra movement demanded that Telugu speaking areas should be separated from Madras Province of which they were a part and be made into a separate Andhra Province.

                           SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]
23. How was the Princely state of Manipur acceded to India?
Answer: Due to integration of princely states, Maharaja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh signed the Instrument of Accession with the India Government on the assurance to be maintained the internal autonomy of Manipur:
1. The state became a constitutional Monarchy after it conducted elections in 1948 to become first state to hold elections based on ‘Universal Adult Franchise’.
2. But sharp differences arose in Legislative Assembly over the question of merger of Manipur with India while the state congress wanted the merger other political parties were opposed to this.

24. Describe briefly any Four problems faced in the Process of Partition of India.
Answer: The process of partition had been started in 1940 when Muslim League Propounded Two Nation Theory. This process involved various problems:
1. Areas were supposed to be distributed on the basis of religions majority i.e. Muslim majority areas built Pakistani territory and rest stayed with India. It created communal riots in country.
2. No single belt of Muslim majority was the part of British India. They were concentrated in East and West. Hence, it was decided that Pakistan will comprise two territories namely East and West Pakistan separated by long expansion of India territory.
3. All muslim majority areas did not want to be merged with Pakistan
i. e. it was opposed in NWFP. But ultimately NW.FP was made to merge with Pakistan.
4. Another problem belonged to minorities on both sides of border
i. e. Lakhs of Hindus and Muslims and Sikhs from both the sides were left with no option except to leave their homes.

25. Write a short note on the People’s Movement of Hyderabad.
Answer: Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India under the rule of Nizam. One of the world’s richest person. Nizam wanted Hyderabad to be an independent state. But the people of Hyderabad were not happy with the rule of Nizam due to his non-democratic practices. Hence, various section of society agitated against him:
1. The peasants in Telangana region particularly rose voice against him.
2. Women also joined the movement in large number.
3. The communist and Hyderabad congress were in the forefront of movement.
4. Nizam responded by unbashing a Razakars paramilitary force on people.
5. Ultimately, the central government had to order the army to tackle and in 1948, Indian army moved in control the Nizam’s forces.
All the above mentioned situations led to an accession of Hyderabad.

                              LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [6 MARKS]
26. What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the State Reorganisation Commission in 1953? Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new states formed after 1956.
Answer: 1. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 by central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
2. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of state could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
3. The Madras province under British India created following linguistic states:
(a) Andhra Pradesh (Telugu)
(b) Tamil Nadu (Tamil)
(c) Kerala (Malayalam)
(d) Karnataka (Kannada)
4. The state Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 Union territories.

27. Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence.
Answer: India had to face many challenges immediately after she got independence, which can be summed up as follows:
1. Challenge to Shape a Nation: India was divided among various states at the time of independence. Hence a great challenge arose to unify and integrate country into one bond. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself to integrate these states either wishfully or diplomatically to be completed into different stages.
2. To Establish Democratic Set up: India constituted representative democracy based on parliamentary form of government and it was a great challenge to develop these democratic practices in the nation.
3. To Ensure Development and Well Being of the Society: Indian polity made herself to achieve welfare goals with the evolvement of effective economic policies and eradication of poverty and unemployment.

28. How did the Reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain.
Answer: 1. In the initial years it was felt that linguistic states may foster separatism and create pressures on newly founded nation, but India considered democracy and federalism by making a favour to linguistic states only.
2. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states.
3. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of states could reflect the linguistic aspects also.
4. The State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 union territories.
5. Linguistic states enhanced democratic practices.
6. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.

29. Explain any Three Consequences of Partition in India.
Answer: 1. In the name of religion, people of one community killed and maimed people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Kolkata and Amritsar were titled as communal zones.
2. People went through social sufferings also be forced to abandon their homes especially minorities, who took shelter in refugee camps.
3. To preserve the honour of family, many women were killed even many children were separated from their family and if crossed borders, they did not have any home.
4. The partition did not only divide property, assets or liabilities but also the government employees and the railways etc.

30. Assess the role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in Nation building.
Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is also known as ‘Iron man of India’, became India’s Deputy Prime minister and Home minister during integration of princely states. He played a historic role in negotiating the rulers of princely states and diplomatically brought most of them in Indian Union. It was very complicated which required skilful persuation i.e. there were 26 small states in today’s Orissa, Saurashtra region of Gujarat had 14 states with 119 small states etc.

                            PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]
31. Read the Passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:
The Interim government took a firm stance against the possible division of India into smaller principalities of different sizes. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress and took the view that the States should be free to adopt any course they liked. Sardar Patel, India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period, immediately after Independence, played a historic role in negotiating with the rulers of Princely States in bringing most of them into the Indian Union.

Questions
1. Which government has been referred to as the interim government?
2. Why did the Muslim League oppose the Indian National Congress?
3. What makes the role of Sardar Patel a historic one? Explain.
Answer:
1. The Indian National Congress has been referred to as the interim government.
2. The Muslim League opposed the Indian National Congress because it was of the view that the states should be free to adopt any course they liked.
3. Sardar Patel was India’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Home Minister during the crucial period immediately following Independence. He negotiated with the rulers of princely states firmly but diplomatically and brought most of them into the Indian Union.

32. Read the Passage given below Carefully and answer the questions:
We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community-because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vaishnavas, Khatris, also Bengalees, Madrasis, and so on-will vanish. … You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed-that has nothing to do with the business of the State.
                                                                                                 —Mohammad Ali Jinnah

Questions
1. Do you think that Jinnah’s statement contradicts the theory which was the basis of creation of Pakistan? Justify your answer.
2. What is the essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage?
3. To what extent did Pakistan live up to Jinnah’s expectations in this passage?
Answer:
1. Jinnah’s statement does not contradict the ‘Two Nations’ Theory’ as he aimed at the creation of separate state for Muslims without any interference in other communities like Pathans, Punjabis, Shias and Sunnis.
2. The essence of Jinnah’s statement in this passage is his secular outlook regarding the protection and promotion of every community by giving freedom to practices one’s own beliefs (religiously).
3. Pakistan did not live up to Jinnah’s expectations because Pakistan became an orthodox Muslim country that did not respect interests of another communities after independence.

33. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions:
We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument.. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it.
                                                                                                       —Jawaharlal Nehru

Questions
1. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru want to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilised way?
2. Why this minority should be given the security and rights-on the same footing as 20 all                     others in a democratic system?
3. If this minority was not provided security and rights w’hat kind of scenario is envisaged?
1. Because India adopted democracy which commit equal rights and opportunities to each and every human being in place of dividing them.
2. It was argued by Jawaharlal Nehru not only for ethical and sentimental reasons but prudential reasons also to realise long cherished goals and principles as socialism, equality, and fraternity.
3. If this minority was not provided security and rights it may effect:
1. Basic nature of democratic system.
2. It is against secular nature of India.
3. It may effect India’s foreign policy also.
4. It may threat to other minorities also.
5. Most important it may lead to disintegration of the nation.

                          PICTURE/MAP BASED QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]
34. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

Questions
1. What does this picture represent?
2. Mention some consequences of partition.
3. Which year is being denoted in the picture?
Answer:
1. This picture represents the painful scene of partition of country when people were supposed to leave their homes.
2. (i) Communal Riots (ii) Social Sufferings
(iii) Administrative Concerns and Financial Strains.
3. The year of 1947, most abrupt, unplanned year in the history.

36. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

 Questions
1. Identify the person in the centre of the cartoon and mention the challenge surrounding him.
2. What does the picture actually refer?
3. How did India avoid all these conflicts?
Answer:
1. The person is the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, who faced the first and foremost challenge of integration of princely states and formation of linguistic states.
2. The picture refers the problem of reorganisation of states on linguistic basis with the fear of disintegration in the country.
3. India identified and respected regional demands of the people and enhanced democracy by providing some autonomy to the states also.

37. On a Political Outline Map of India locate and label the following and symbolise them as indicated:

Questions
1. Name and mark the original state from which the following states were carved out.
   (a) Gujarat       (b) Meghalaya (c)        Haryana        (d) Chhattisgarh
2. Name and mark two countries reorganised on religious grounds.
3. Demarcated boundaries of these countries by geographical zones.